Effect of Concentration on an Enzyme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Effect of Concentration on an Enzyme - Essay ExampleIntroduction Enzymes are substrate specific. They bind up with industrious sites on which they act upon. The by- product hydrogen bleach is exceedingly toxic to living organisms cells. Aerobic respiration uses the oxygen produced from the reaction for oxidation of nutrients. Hydrogen peroxide is produced from the conversion of amino acids to lipids and from conversion of lipids to carbohydrates. Enzyme catalase is found in abundance in plants and in human beings. Without this enzyme most of the biochemical reactions in the cells will be extremely slow (Oslo, 2011). The major function of catalase in living organisms is to prevent accumulation of toxic substances such as hydrogen peroxide from accumulating in the body. According to Michaelis Constant principle (Catalase kinetics) the rate of a catalyzed increases first during the first stages of reaction then it slowly levels off regardless of how much the concentration has been us ed in that experiment. This further implies that an enzyme reaction is slow at low substrate concentration because after releasing products the molecules of the enzyme become free. At very high concentrations the reverse happens. In this experiment, filter paper is immersed into an enzyme and then placed into hydrogen peroxide. Oxygen is produced during this process and it is trapped and measured using the archness disk. Time is measured from the time the buoyancy disk is from the bottom of the container until the time it will puree the surface of the radical. The reaction proceeds as follows 2H2O2 catalase 2H2O + O2 This equation shows enzyme catalase converting hydrogen peroxide into hydrogen and water. Because enzymes are proteins, they force out be denatured by high temperatures. They are also inactivated at low temperatures. Material and method used Potato, gram balance, blender, ice insulated ice place or water cooler, water bath at 10?, 30? and 40?, 500ml 1% H2O2, 1ml di stilled water, 1ml adjustable pipettor, filter paper disks, forceps, 5 50ml beakers, 100ml graduated cylinder, thermometer and 1.5 ml plastic micro-centrifuge tubes. Procedure Six reaction tubes are prepared each containing distilled water and citrate buffer. H2O2 with higher concentration is used. The six tubes are then designate according to their respective temperatures. The tubes are then placed in appropriate water bath and left for 10 minutes in order for them to reach equilibrium of their respective temperatures. The enzyme is then added and shaken well taking the reading at 0.00. The reading is maintained as a control reading for her remain five experiments. Hydrogen peroxide is then added and the test tubes quickly returned to the water baths. The test tubes are allowed to stay in the water for as long as contingent but taking the readings at every two minutes time interval and the data recorded. The spectrophotometer should be as close as possible to the water baths in order to end up accurate readings and the tubes should be wiped out with a tissue paper before they are placed in the spectrophotometer (T, 2006). Results and analysis 50g freshly peeled potato cubes are placed in 50ml cold distilled water. Crushed ice is then added to the concoction, which is then placed into a blender. The mixture is homogized for 30 seconds at a very high speed. The potato extract is then filtered into 100ml graduated cylinder. After this, cold distilled water is added into the mixture to fill it to the volume. The solution is then mixed properly. This solution acts as our

Global & International Business Contexts in India Assignment

Global & International Business Contexts in India - Assignment ExampleThe paper throws light on India, the land of capability because of its maturation population therefore it is economically beneficial to evaluate its national market. Porters National Diamond framework allows country specific compend so that a blotto may decide to expand into a suited country. The four pillars of the model are factor conditions, want conditions, related and sustenance industries, firm structure, strategy and rivalry. Using these four factors PND model aims to evaluate national competitiveness and to study a firms ability to operate in a national market. It is therefore a very relevant tool for country specific analysis. Below each of the four factors of the model will be explained with respect to India. Factor conditions entail those factors in a country that can be of advantage to the firm. Basically all the conditions that a firm can shape in an economy are included in factor conditions. In dia has an abundance of labor. Given the high population of the country it can be safely imitation that the firm will not face any labor shortages. 42 percent of the population is living below the poverty line in India fit in World Bank. This points to the fact that labor is not only in abundance in the country but it is likewise very cheap. The labor force is two skilled and unskilled in the country so the firm can benefit a lot with regards to labor in their business. Another advantage of working in India is that there is not a language barrier like in China. Official language of India is Hindi but English is widely mum and used in the business (Kapur & Ramamurti, 2001). This is why the firm will find no language barrier to deal with. It is located near the Arabian sea which will be beneficial when setting up business in the country. The country has a developed technological base with its software industry growing rapidly. This can also give the firms a huge boost when oper ating in India. Complicated technology will be at the disposal of the firm in India. Demand Conditions The demand conditions factors in the local market conditions of a particular country. A strong and demanding domestic market can have a positive effect on technological growth and innovation in the market. The economy of India is mainly export oriented therefore international markets are also an important part of the countrys economy. Due to the sophistication of international markets, local industries have also developed in order to meet the demand of foreign buyers. This trend has brought many advantages to the local firms. They have enhanced their production and capabilities by innovating on a regular basis as a impart of complex foreign markets. The effect of international markets has also impacted the local markets because they have also developed as a result. Domestic markets are immediately demanding higher quality of products and services. This is a sign

Employment Law case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employment Law - Case Study ExampleMomma Mia lead then be subjected to wrongful termination charges. In addition, Momma Mia will be held liable for providing state and federal employment taxes, compensation insurance, withholding taxes, Social Security taxes and other employment benefits. Misclassification can subject an employer to penalties (DuBoff 1999 p. 80 Twomey p. 605). No statutory law clearly defines the term employee, but common law describes an employee as one who provides or performs services for another for compensation where the employee determines the manner and the pith by which the services or score is to be performed. This common law agency-test was laid down in Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co v Darden, 503 US 318 (1992). Likewise, section 220 (2) of the Restatement (Second) of Agency defines the term servant similarly and enumerates ten elements to distinguish between servant and independent contractor extent of control specialism of occupation necessity of supe rvision over nature of work skills required supply of tools for the work length of employment method of payment role of work in employers regular business what the parties believed, and if principal is in business or not. Applying the law at bar, Jill qualifies as an employee. Her schedule and contacts, among others, need to be pass by her employer and equipment and other tools will be supplied as well by it.

Analysis of data handling Essay Example for Free

Analysis of data handling EssayTo get an improved understanding of the problems faced in an online sell data handling system I am going to conduct a questionnaire and gain data from some data capture forms. After gaining training from my questionnaire and data capture forms I now have a clear understanding of how a data handling system is implemented for an online retail store. I now know what schooling will be kept and which will only be temporary. The products and the customer information will be kept permanently. The customer information is kept permanent but can be changed at any point i. e. a change of address, phone no. etc. When purchases are made little data is added to that which is already stored. The invoice brings together customer information and pairs it with product information. The information added to the invoice would be date of purchase this information would then automatically create an expected date of arrival and the delivery process, transport, dispatc h etc.When customer information is gained it is not input by a member of staff. The information is fed automatically from the websites data capture form which is filled out by the customer. The only information input by staff is the stock information as prices calculation delivery date etc is done automatically by the system. They had a WAN, wide area network. Each of the computer terminals could access code the same data so that invoices and other information can be viewed at the same time on different computers.They were also able to scar credit card details with banks through their WAN. The data system can produce information for both staff and online customers. Customers can view their past orders or there current account details whilst all data can be viewed by staff. They use standard input devices, keyboard and mouse, as there is no need for particular input devices, for example bar code reader, scanner.

Understanding Rhetorical Structures as They Pertain to Audience Essay Example for Free

Understanding rhetorical Structures as They Pertain to Audience EssayThis paper is about the understanding of the Rhetorical Structures as they pertain to audience, purpose, and context and how they affect the argument of whether taxes should be raised on higher in keep an eye on brackets in order to fund social programs for at-risk and underserved, low income children. I will discuss the relationship between the audience, purpose, and context to the context of the argument. Understanding Rhetorical StructuresHow do audience, purpose, and context affect the argument of whether taxes should be raised on higher income brackets in order to fund social programs for at-risk and underserved, low income children. I will discuss the relationship between the audience, purpose, and context to the context of the argument. Discussion The finish of this discussion is to see the relationship between audience, purpose, and context of should Taxes be raised for higher income brackets in order to fund social programs for at-risk, underserved, and low income children.The first audience for this group are wealth fortune 500 CEOs. They are considered the in the higher income bracket in my opinion. They need to be educated on the understanding that even though most lower income families argue, it is not because they are not trying. The economy has taken its toll on a lot of jobs here in the US over the past couple of years and even though they are working a full time job and sometimes two full time jobs, they cannot afford any kind of social program for their children.The present economy conditions are hurting the lower income families to the point that they struggle to make ends meet and can sometimes barley afford to put food on the table for their children. The higher income bracket would need to see provided how little the additional taxes would take from them and what the benefits of those taxes could do for a low income family struggling to make ends meet. They stil l could possibly not be receptive to the brain, but heavy(p) them examples of the cost and benefits of such programs I think they would start to understand.The second audience for this group is the low income families of at-risk, and underserved, low income children. They need to be educated on the benefits that could come from the higher taxes. In my opinion, the higher income bracket can afford the higher taxes to fund some of these programs. The cost of living, food, gas, and housing all(prenominal) affect the income of many families in the US. If they understood what could come from the taxes, they could get some reissuance as to vote on such a bill if it came up to vote for the public.Education on the checkmate of the current tax laws would be a good example of what the different taxes brackets that are used today in the US. Lower income families would jump on the idea of being able to send their children to a soccer camp, or baseball camp. According to an article on Taxing the rich is good for the economy, nurture taxes on the higher income bracket would reduce the taxes on low and middle income families. This would also allow for those families to keep more of their income to use towards these programs. All in all I think it would be a beneficial idea to entertain.The context of the economy, food, and taxes all play an important role in this argument. The higher income bracket would be resistant to the idea until they were presented with facts on the cost and the minimal decrease in income for them. The lower income families would be blessed with some relief with their childrens social visualize and the ability to provide more learning resources to them.

Indian Independence Speech Essay Example for Free

Indian Independence Speech Es assertAs you know all of us substantiate gat hered here to celebrate 67th independence day of our nation. This day, after the hosting national flag, we usually make mistake by remembering the heroic deeds of plainly few granting immunity fighters. But freedom armed combat was collective effort. Without cooperation, sacrifice and involvement of all Indians it was impossible to get the freedom. So people of India were the real national heroes behind the success. We should show up our sincere gratitude to all those who participated in the freedom struggle. This can only be done by defending our freedom like our ancestral property which cannot be valued. How to defend? Single person cannot defend it again group effort is essential it is nothing moreover unity. How to form this unity? We should always remember that only patriotism can form unity irrespective of religion, language, caste, customs and traditions. So having patriotism only can save th e freedom of our nation.To keep faith in secularism No compromise must be with patriotism, Punish the forces that support terrorism Else one bad day we will loose our freedom. I would like to take out my views about the dark side of Present India. How should I say My INDIA is great? In this republic from schools to parliament, Elections are held at every moment, Childrens are taught fighting for the seat, How should I say My India is great? Even after golden jubilee of unconstraint, Many citizens are unable to fill their gut, Rich become richer and rests are indigent, How should I say My India is great? People are emotionally divided by communalist, Border in the north and south has water dispute, Leaders are selfish and have no solving interest, How should I say My India is great?Capable civilians are facing unemployment, Socially unfits have led the political movements, Voters are under tighten of serious terror threat, How should I say My India is great? All are seeking benefit s without effort, Bribery has become the style of management, Whole country pushed into a big(a) corruption pit, How should I say My India is great? I pray to the divine creator with sentiment, Please give birth to sincere nationalist, Who should drive my nation towards overall development, So that I should say My India is great Apart from these Our India is great country because Indians are generous, broad minded, kind hearted and united. No doubt we quarrel among ourselves for various reasons but we stay united in front enemies and in times of danger. I have got few facts which are in support of above statements. During Kargil war our Govt couldnt spend even a single paisa from the budget but people gave every kind support for it.During Tsunami in Chennai, Flood in Bihar and Orissa, draught in the country, earthquake in Gujarat and Maharashtra and similar other instinctive disasters people stood united and helped each other, extended all kind of cooperation to start a new life. So I Say that My India is great and Indians are the greatest. I am proud to be an Indian India is a great country with many religions. It has rich natural resources and lengthy frontier with vast region. North has The Himalayas and south with the Hindu ocean, Bay of Bengal in the east and the west has the sea Arabian. Its being administered with language insolent partition. All are leading peaceful life with national integration. Enemys conspiracy is impossible with the unity of the nation. Festivals are celebrated here with memorable function.People help each other in time of affliction. So my India is great also I am proud to be an Indian.

The Challenges In Implementing Erp Systems

The Ch allenges In Implementing Erp SystemsERP is the process of integrating all the fear functions and processes in an organization to achieve numerous benefits.First, a single point of selective information entry helps to regulate down data redundancy while saving employees time in entering data, thereby reducing labour and overhead woos.Second, the centralization of in bodation, decision-making, and control leads to increases in efficiencies of operations and productivity, as advantageously as coordination between departments, divisions, regions, and even countries. This is specially true for multinational corporations (MNC), in which global integration could result in better communications and coordination around the world. The global sourcing and distribution of parts and services could withal provide appropriate benchmarks for operations around the world.Third, the sharing of a centralized database provides personal line of credit managers with accurate and up-to-date information to make well informed business decisions. Further, it reduces data redundancy while improving data integrity at the same time.Fourth, functional integration will consolidate all sorts of data, such(prenominal) as financial, manufacturing, and sales, to take advantage of bulk discounts. ERP is especially important for companies who argon intimately connected to their vendors and customers, and who apply electronic data interchange (EDI) to process sales minutes electronically. Therefore, the effectuation of ERP is exceptionally beneficial to businesses such as manufacturing plants that mass-produce products with little changes. Nevertheless, the revolutionary and innovative ERP software corpse quickly expands into other business areas such as finance and retailing. ERP as well provides companies with a hawkish advantage over their competitors.But despite these several benefits, there are also certain challenges set about by ERP, especially during the instruction execution physical body. Some of the challenges faced during the implementation of an ERP system are explained in the near sections.Typically ERP systems are very followly, take a lot of time to implement and bear a risk associated with implementation, and also affect the hypothecate profiles of many employees. Thus the three major dimensions involved are money, time and people involvement. In addition, there is also a requirement to re-engineer quick business practices to match the wants of the new ERP system.AN ERP IMPLEMENTATION PLANThe following flowchart depicts several activities that must be performed before implementing an ERP system.Step 1 Managers must conduct a feasibility study of the current point to measure out the organizations needs by analyzing the availability of hardware, software, databases, and in-house computer expertise, and make the decision to implement ERP where integration is essential. They must also set goals for improvement and establish objec tives for the implementation, and calculate the break-even points and benefits to be received from this expensive IT investment.Step 2 The second major activity involves educating and recruiting end drug users to be involved throughout the implementation process.Step 3 Managers form a project team or steering committee that consists of experts from all functional areas to lead the project.Step 4 After a decision is do to implement ERP, a team of system consultants will be hired to evaluate the appropriateness of implementing an ERP system, and to help select the best enterprise software provider and the best approach to implementing ERP. In most situations, the consultant team also recommends the modules that are best suited to the companys operations (manufacturing, financial, human resources, logistics, forecasting, etc.), system configurations, and Business-to-Business applications such as supply-chain care, customer relationship management, e-procurement, and e-marketplace.S tep 5 Adequate employee and manager prep must be provided to all business, stakeh erstwhile(a)s, including managers, end users, customers, and vendors, before the system is implemented. Such training is usually customized and can be provided by either inwrought or outside trainers.Step 6 The system installation process will place write outs such as software configuration, hardware acquisition, and software testing.Step 7 Data and information in the databases must be converted to the format used in the new ERP system and servers and networks need to be upgraded. A post implementation review is recommended to ensure that all business objectives established during the planning phase are achieved. Needed modifications are tackled during this phase too.Issues Faced while Implementing an ERPAlthough issues faced while implementing an ERP are numerous, but this report classifies them majorly into option related issues, practiced issues, mental issues, organisational change related i ssues and time and cost related problems.Selecting an appropriate ERPThe first and foremost challenge faced by many organisations is deciding what sort of an ERP system they should select to implement. The managers must decide on the size, type and scope of the ERP system they actually require and how to choose the best solution amongst the existing hundreds of systems in the market. This selection problem arises for all businesses without exception and should be considered as seriously as possible for the reason that ERP system choice defines a companys strategy for at least(prenominal) the following 6 to 10 years and, no doubt, has a major impact on the future success of the entire business.To decide on the implementation of a successful ERP program, the managers should have an in-depth understanding of the organisations current business processes, organisational structure, culture, work environment and financial and economic strength.Due to enormous impact on the competitive adv antage of the company, top management must consider the strategic implications of implementing an ERP solution keeping in mind the size of the company and the modules installed. Management must formulate about several topics like- Does the ERP system strengthen the companys competitive position? How does ERP affect the organizational structure and the culture? What is the scope of the ERP implementation only a few functional units or the entire organization? Are there any alternatives that meet the companys needs better than an ERP system? If it is a multinational corporation, the management should be concerned about whether it would be better to roll the system out globally or restrict it to certain regional units?Only when all these points have been taken care of, can an ERP system be selected for further implementation.Technical IssuesOnce the appropriate ERP is selected, the arduous task of implementation has only begun. The next part of implementation issues are related to th e practiced aspects of the project both hardware and software. These issues include the existing servers and workstations to be updated and new and modern ones to be ordered, purchased, and replaced. The internal network also has to be analyzed and modernized if required the speed and bandwidth of the existing Internet access should be taken into consideration, along with possible technical concerns about the mobile devices being used.If these headers are underestimated, they can dramatically impact the overall result of the project and easily result in slow movement in the first few weeks, or in some cases months of ERP implementation hence resulting in a slackening of the existing pace of business.However the situation has been changed during the last few years, and plenty of software-as-a-service (SaaS) applications that have shown up on the market now allow the cost and headache of hardware problems to be minimized.More specifically, ERP systems need a Graphical User Interfa ce at the front end, and are based on a client-server technology. They require the ability to access and share data across all applications across different platforms. Some servers and equipment baron have a need to be custom built, and that can also cause a time lag in ERP implementation.In short, it can be said that the unique hardware and software needs of an ERP system, along with the continued use of pre existing applications in an organisation can prove to be tricky and are a major consideration while implementing an ERP.Data quality and consistency issuesThis issue is common in companies that are implementing ERP for the first time and transferring their legacy data into the new system from Excel spreadsheets, manual records, or old disparate applications. Basically, the question is that old data that have been used and stored for years can for many reasons appear approximate or even incorrect in the new ERP system.integration of data from other older systems with the new ER P system is a major concern while implementing the system. A particular company might have method of accounting and finance systems operating on different mainframes (say IBM 370 architecture), MRP systems on a high end VAX, and a logistics system on an AS 400. The legacy systems of this company might be coded in COBOL. Thus, the implementation of a new ERP system for such a company needs to be done very carefully and requires technical judgement for the implementation of this new system.People related Psychological IssuesThis is the most difficult type of issue to resolve. These are the questions and issues that originate from the aspect of human nature that never accepts any change without seeing the visible advantages of it.People-related issues such as corporate philosophy and leadership style can play an important determination in the ERP implementation process. Research has concluded that active top management support and commitment are essential to the success of any syste m implementation. Frequently, administrator councils and steering committees consisting of top managers are developed to plan and manage the IT initiatives.Employees can be quite wary of any kind of change in the business processes, particularly during periods of economic downturn. Ill-trained employees who fight the changes in the business process tend to be poor performers. Therefore, to increase the chance of a successful ERP implementation and to reduce users resistance to change, employees, especially those who are very knowledgeable with the operations, must be involved in all stages of the implementation process. Employees must also be enlightened about the ERP installation. Such educational endeavours should include a concise introduction to the basic concepts and architecture of ERP systems, including actual screen shots of the function modules. During these training sessions, it is important to establish the managerial issues involved and to build a basic understanding o f the integration concepts prior to the actual installation of the ERP system. Further, any Business-to- Business initiatives, reengineering projects, alliances, and the introduction of new technologies should also be addressed.Project managers must take charge of the implementation process at all times. They must oversee the reengineering of the key business processes, reassign job responsibilities, restructure the organizations chart, and redefine work relationships. Further, they must also learn how to manage the software vendors and any outside consultants.Employees working on an ERP implementation project put in long hours (as much as 20 hours per day) including seven-day weeks and even holidays. Even though the experience is valuable for their career growth, the stress of implementation coupled with first-string job duties could decrease their morale rapidly. Leadership from upper management and support and caring acts of project leaders would certainly boost the morale of th e team members. early(a) strategies, such as taking the employees on field trips, could help reduce the stress and improve the morale.Organisational ChangesERP implementation brings significant changes into a companys conventional business personate and the day-to day practices it has been using for years or even decades.ERP implementation requires organizations to reengineer their key business processes in fundamental ways, revamping old ways of conducting business, redefining job responsibilities, and restructuring the organization. For major multinational corporations (MNC), the ERP systems must be customized to address global issues where different countries have different ways of doing business, and to incorporate country-specific business practices pertaining to accounting, tax requirements, environmental regulations, human resources, manufacturing, and currency mutation into the integrated systems.While integrating the information systems across various countries, three ty pes of misfits (relating to data, process, and output) can occur due to incompatibilities between software functionality and organizational requirements as well as differences in cultural and regulatory environments. The unique context of each country in which an organization operates must be carefully included into the traditionally Western-biased business practices inherent in the ERP systems.Implementation Cost and TimeImplementation Cost Even though the price of prewritten software is cheap compared with in-house development, the total cost of implementation could be three to five times the purchase price of the software. The implementation costs would increase as the degree of customization increases. After training the selected employees, strategies such as bonus programs, company perks, salary increases, continual training and education, and appeals to company loyalty work to retain them. Other intangible strategies such as limber work hours, telecommuting options, and oppor tunities to work with leading-edge technologies are also being used.Implementation Time ERP systems come in modular fashion and do not have to be implemented entirely at once. ERP packages are very general and need to be configured to a specific type of business and whitethorn follow a phase-in approach with one module implemented at a time. Some of the most commonly installed modules are sales and distribution (SD), materials management (MM), production and planning, (PP), and finance and controlling (FI) modules. The length of implementation is affected by the total of modules being implemented, the scope of the implementation, the extent of customization, and the number of interfaces with other applications. The more the number of units, the longer the implementation time. Further as the scope of implementation grows from a single business unit to multiple units spread out globally, the duration of implementation increases.ConclusionAn ERP implementation is a huge commitment fro m the organization, causing millions of dollars and can take up to several years to complete. However, when it is integrated successfully, the benefits can be enormous. A well-designed and properly integrated ERP system allows the most updated information to be shared among various business functions, thereby resulting in tremendous cost savings and increase efficiency. When making the implementation decision, management must considered fundamental issues such as the organizations readiness for a dramatic change, the degree of integration, key business processes to be implemented, older applications to be included, and whether or not new hardware needs to be acquired. In order to increase the chance of user acceptance, employees must be consulted and be involved in all stages of the implementation process. Providing proper education and appropriate training are also two important strategies to increase the end user acceptance rate. The organization is also going through a drastic ch ange, with changes in the way businesses are conducted, the organization being restructured, and job responsibilities being redefined. And finally, the cost and time of implementation of an ERP system also are a major challenge faced during the implementation process.